فصلنامه زن در فرهنگ و هنر (پژوهش زنان)
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1399)

Since folk poems are outside the realm of official literature, they have received less attention in the field of literary studies. Also, women are often overlooked as creators of literary works; and this has made it difficult to search for female individuality in the context of literary discourses. Thus, the role of women in shaping Kurmanj literature has not yet been addressed. This essay as a case study in the field of feminist literary criticism with an interpretive analytical approach, has tried to reveal the significance of female voice in the collection of Kurmanj Sechischtis, by discovering the signs of ecriture feminine. Sechischti lyrics are an important part of the literature and folklore of the Iranian Kurmanj nomads. A Sechischti has three hemistiches, each with eight to ten syllables, with words derived from nature and everyday life based on individual experiences and ethnic memories of anonymous poets. In search of these signs, the authors have examined 1386 poems; of these, 269 poems (a quarter of poems with gender identity) have obvious features of feminine expression. Sechischtis written by women, can be divided into five categories, in terms of subject matter: 1. love; 2. marriage; 3. immigration and war; 4. social role-playing; 5. advice, cursing, self-introduction etc. Signs of feminine expression in these poems are either denotative or connotative, each of which has been used in four different methods. In these short and simple folk poems, the woman’s soul is revealed without veil and mask and talks to the audience. She’s no longer a woman described by male writers, whether praiseworthy as a lover or a mother, or disgusting as a tempter or a witch. With the help of ecriture feminine, poetess describes the world around her through her own eyes for the audience, with all its amazing events and phenomena.

Women's professional activity in Iran before the Qajar era was not traditional, but by the middle of the Qajar period women were given the opportunity to participate in society. . Since the presence of women architects in contemporary Iranian architecture is often overlooked, the purpose of this study is to introduce women architects in Pahlavi era and to study their influence in architectural fields. The main question of the research is what architectural areas were performed by women architects during Pahlavi era and how they influenced them. It is assumed that women's work in the professional field has had a greater impact. For this purpose, the paper is a qualitative one, the method of historical-interpretive research and oral history, and the method of data collection, documentation and library, and interviews with architecture pioneers. . In this regard, the performance of women architects, independent variable and the amount of activity and their achievements in the field of architecture are dependent variable. The results indicate that while studying at university and working in the offices of architecture and construction development in the country, there is a reason that women architects can work in the professional field more than academically, but they are still influential in the academic field. The professional field was impressive.

The policy area of sexuality in Iran is the site of theoretical conflict between two major approaches. The present article seeks to present a discursive formulation of the theoretical conflicts between these two approaches in Iranian society. In this study, the discourse analysis method of Falkluff and Laclau and Moff is used in combination. The results of the research indicated that the first approach, based on religious principles, follows the idea of sexual education with the focus on sexual ethics and includes concepts such as sexual identity, easy and timely marriage, hijab and restraint, etc. Sex builds Iranian society and studies sexuality in a network of biological and cultural elements, in which sometimes exposure to sex is not only eliminating ambiguity but even adding to it. The second approach emphasizes the need for sexual education with a gender-based knowledge and awareness of the international community's liberal literature, and points out concepts such as homosexuality and homosexuality, respect for the rights of sexual minorities, The distinction between sex and gender constitutes the denial of child marriage and so on. The most important strategy of this discourse in dealing with sex is to explicitly disambiguate sex. The later public domain of the two approaches was the UN 2030 document.

One of the issues in the field of body sociology is body management, which is widespread today among girls and women, in which people build social bodies by altering their physical appearance. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and purpose and in the descriptive-analytical way the survey method was used. The research tools are: Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire and Researcher-Made Questionnaire of Women's Body Management Scale and Social Comparison of Gibbons and Bonk in 2019. The sample size was 382 women and girls aged 20-45 in the city of Sanandaj. The method was multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS22 software and LISREL software were used for quantitative data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between variables of body management, cultural capital, media, and social comparison of mentioned variables. The sociological model of body management in women based on cultural capital and the media is mediated by social comparison mediation in Sanandaj. Social comparison with a coefficient of impact of 0.45 The effects of two variables of cultural capital have had on the media variable of body management criterion. In urban women, social comparison is an essential source of information about body self-management, and social comparison processes fill the gap between self-talk and the concept of individual and inter-group identity.

The close relationship between language and culture is rooted in the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Inasmuch as the fact that language and culture are inextricably bound, examining the pivotal role of the language of a speech community can yield significant information about its culture. Conceptualized under an overarching field of study, culturology of language, postulates how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) can be entrenched in a language. In so doing, the present study aimed to investigate the “patriarchy” and “matriarchy” cultulings in Persian movies from the viewpoint of Hymes’ (1967) SPEAKING model. This is a qualitative research, aiming at demonstrating Iranian culture and finding the covert reasons of using the cultuling of “patriarchy” and “matriarchy”. To this end, the total 100 Persian movies from two decades of 1360 and 1390, were investigated based on the 500 extracted language expressions for each decade. The most recurrent cases of cultuling of “patriarchy” encompass showing threat, pride, anger, domination, order, sarcasm, wiggery, ridicule and contempt for the 1360s movies. In contrast, the cultuling of “matriarchy” was delineated through decision-making, scolding, humiliating, wisecracking, attracting, complaining, showing anger, showing oppressed, pride, and ignoring for the1390s movies. The findings revealed the patriarchy role is less dominant from 1360 to 1390. In fact, the patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy these days. The paper concludes with some implications for learners, teachers, and educationists who are interested in the culturology, cultuling, and cultural studies.

The importance of establishing a family and its continuity in Islam is to the extent that dissolution of marriage even by mutual consent of the spouses is the most detestable act in view of the Prophet. As the continuity and survival of the marriage is a basic principle in Islam, Islamic law has provided an opportunity for the husband to come back to the family and revive this sacred institution by offering the simple mechanism of the waiting period (ʻiddah) in the revocable divorce. Nevertheless, there are certain kinds of divorce, known as irrevocable divorce (ba’in), by which the marital relation is dissolved and the revival of the marriage is possible only by making a new marriage contract. In khulʻ divorce (initiated by the wife, based on her dislike of her husband) and in mubarat divorce (initiated by the wife, based on mutual dislike of the spouses) the wife obtains divorce by paying a fixed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband and the divorce becomes irrevocable (ba’in). In divorce for a consideration there is no dislike from both spouses but the wife by paying an agreed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband or by releasing her husband from his duty to pay her past maintenance or from his duty to pay her dower or from his duty to pay other debts owed his wife, obtains divorce. This article examines the legal nature as well as the cultural and social effects of this kind of divorce. Facilitating the separation between the spouses through paying a sum to the husband by the wife without the existence of any dislike between them would increase the number of divorces and for this reason paying attention to the cultural and social effects of this divorce becomes necessary.

Women's traditional and indigenous metal jewelry in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been made in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran, which are being forgotten today and there is a need for extensive research in this field. For this reason, in the present study, it is attempted to study Baluchi women’ traditional jewelry to investigate the methods, structures and materials used to make them. To this end, in the present study, 9 samples of conventional jewelries of Baluchi women are examined using metallurgical experiments optical microscopy (OM), radiography, computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Structural analysis of metal jewelry shows that the base metal of the jewelries is entirely made of silver-copper alloy with a eutectic structure by using casting methods. Moreover, the elemental and compound analysis identifies the two elements of silver and copper with the highest amount in the compound of the alloy, respectively. Also, the type of connections, the type of soldering and the type of metal core of the jewelries are examined using radiography and computerized tomography scan (CT-Scan).